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Lupine Publishers | Open Access Journal of Environmental and Soil Sciences
Abstract
Increasing detrimental impacts of water pollution on environment and serious health issues, this review aims to investigate water quality status of Sindh, Pakistan.it also help us to determine current and future water demand of the province as well as adverse impact on human health in regards with water borne disease. To conclude, some recommendations are also outlined.
Keywords: Water borne disease; Quality assessment; Water supply; Water contamination; Sindh; Pakistan
Introduction
Although surplus amount of water is available on the planet of earth, but only small portion is available for human utilization. Overall population wholly depend upon the water sources mainly consist on groundwater and surface water. Currently, countries around the world are facing water pollution as well as water scarcity problems. Following the report of UN, the total populace increases exponentially while accessibility of water decline with time. WHO announced that by 2025, half of the total populace will live in water-stressed zones? Unfortunately, water pollution stresses the remaining small portion. During last decades, Urbanization and industrialization further added burden on water resources around the globe. Quality of water around the world has been deteriorated with chemicals discharged into water bodies directly and improper dumping of solid waste. According to Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) report 2017 on “Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene” 2.1 billion people lack access to safe drinking water at home. Globally, 448 million lack to have basic drinking water services from which 159 million individuals are those who rely upon surface water. According to speech of UNO secretory on world water day 2002, each year 5 million people died of water disease i.e.10 times more than people died in war. Furthermore, several studies have documented various contaminants such as organic (Pesticides), inorganic (heavy metals), minerals (arsenic and chromium) and microbial (pathogens) are responsible for water pollution. Recently, water contaminated with arsenic has been documented around the world, especially in Asian countries including Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Cambodia, Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Hungary, Chile and Argentina [1-4].
Pakistan has been blessed by natural resources i.e. surface as well as groundwater resources. Sudden rise in population, industrialization and urbanization have brought huge stress on water resources of country. The country once has surplus amount of water is not including in water stressed zone. Most of the population belong to different cities of country rely upon groundwater for survival. While, current water supply is about 79% in Pakistan. Pakistan has experienced six noteworthy floods between 2000- 2015, which killed many people and posed negative impact on groundwater through salinization CRED [5]. Furthermore, Per capita availability of water has been decreased from 5,600 cubic meters in 1947 to 1,038 cubic meters in 2010. It is expected to decrease further to 575 cubic feet in 2050 [6,7]. In addition to this, quality of water resources has been declined due to intermixing of municipal sewage with water supply line and direct release of industrial wastewater into water bodies. Pollutants such as heavy metals, pathogens and other dangerous chemicals have been found in different regions of the country. Only 20% of the population have accessibility to safe drinking water while 80% is compelled to consume unsafe water for drinking. Each year 2.5 million deaths from endemic diarrheal disease has been reported [8-13]. Pakistan ranks 80th, out of 122 nations of the world, on the basis of water quality [14-16]. According to a Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) report titled, “Pakistan’s Waters at Risk”20-40% health centers are filled with the patients of water borne disease which include diarrhea, gastroenteritis, typhoid, cryptosporidium infections, giardiasis intestinal worms, and some strains of hepatitis [17].
Quality of drinking water in Sindh province is unfit like other provinces of Pakistan. Large portion of water available is contaminated with pathogens, chemicals and toxic materials. Several studies have documented that the four major contaminants are responsible for water quality deterioration in Sindh i.e.69% bacteria, 24% arsenic, 14% nitrate and 5% fluoride. According to the report of Inquiry commission appointed by Supreme Court of Pakistan “78.1 % of all water sample tested were found unsafe for drinking”. The aim of this review is to analyses the status of water quality in different divisions of Sindh, Pakistan. It also describes the impacts of water quality on human health as well as outline some recommendations.
Study Area
Sindh is second most populated province (Figure 1) with population of 30.44 million situated in south-eastern part of Pakistan. It is stretched from 66°8’ East Longitude to 71°, lies between 24°4›N to 28°7’N and covers about 46,569 miles2 . Province is bounded by the Thar Desert to east, the Kirthar Mountains to the west, and the Arabian Sea in the south. It is divided into six divisions namely Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Shaheed Benazirabad, Mirpurkhas and Larkana. Karachi i.e. the capital of Sindh province ranked at the top with 14.91 million and Hyderabad ranked the 8th most populated with 1.73 million population among the list of 10 most populated cities of Pakistan. Large number of populations of the province depend upon the fresh water for domestic and irrigation purpose. Indus basin is the major source of water provision in the area. In Sindh Province, only 10 % of land area had availability of fresh groundwater and occurs in shallow aquifers [18]. Following high average annual temperatures, semi-arid climate, sea water intrusion and high rate of evapotranspiration shallow aquifers are highly saline [19]. Irrigated land i.e. almost 78% of the province rely on saline groundwater which is not fit for irrigation. As the ground water is saline in most areas, rural population is also depending on supplies from the canal system. According to the survey conducted by Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) in 22 districts of Sindh province out of 1247 surveyed water supply schemes only 529 (42%) were functional with average duration supply of 5 hrs/day. From which only 25% water samples were fit for drinking while remaining are contaminated with microorganisms and arsenic.
Current Demand and Future Requirement of Sindh
In next 20 years, Province will undergo demographic change. Current population of 33 million is expected to increase to 52.6 million and urbanization will increase from 50% to 64% in 2025. Currently, Karachi’s demand for water supply is about 1,220 MGD against which has an allocation of 34,000 l/s (1,200 cusecs) from the Indus water which is expected to increase 65,460 l/s (2,320 cusecs), with increased population to about 23 million in 2025. Likewise, water demand for other urban cities will also increase which will put burden on water resources. In addition to this, rural population of about 18.8 million will need an additional about 7,125 l/s (250 cusecs) for drinking purposes. Hence, total municipal water requirement of the province in 2025 will be of the order of 94,000 l/s (about 3.300 cusecs). Besides municipal water requirement, water requirements for agriculture would also increase by about 50%. Current water use is about 52.6 Bm3 (42.6 MAF) which means an additional 26.3 Bm3 (about 21.3 MAF) required to meet the future demand of agriculture products (FAO).
Water Quality
Alarming increase in population is the single important driving force affecting the water sector and cause water scarcity problem in the province. Water pollution is another major problem which is deteriorating the quality of remaining small portion of water. According to Director General of Sindh Environmental Agency Baqa Ullah Unar “every day almost 500 million gallons of industrial waste and human consumption falls into Arabian Sea”. 80% samples from 14 different districts of Sindh are not safe for drinking as well as 78% of water used in hospitals is above standard limits. 90% of water had bacterial contamination and not fit for drinking in Karachi only (PCRWR). Several studies have been conducted in different cities of Sindh, Pakistan (Table 1) [20-29].
Abdul Hussain Shar [30] analysed the samples from Rohri for the presence of total coliform (TC), E. coli (Ec) and heterotrophic plate count (HPC) which result the contamination of all samples with TC (100%), Ec (41.6%) and with HPC (100%). In Hyderabad bacteriological tests on drinking water has been conducted by PCRWR found that 15 monitored sources as unfit for drinking mainly due to bacteriological contamination (93pc), excessive levels of iron (47pc) and turbidity (93pc). Mashiatullah [31] carried out a study on Malir and Lyari rivers, he analysed different Physiochemical and biological parameters. The coliform contamination i.e.156-542 per 100 ml in high tide and 132- 974 per 100 ml in low tide were observed which exceeded WHO guidelines. Aziz et al. [32] reported a study for drinking water quality in Pakistan including both urban and rural areas which results that total coliform and fecal coliform were 150–2400/100 ml and 15–460/100 ml respectively. The investigation reported the presence of anthropogenic activities which resulted.
Mahmood et al. [33] measured the physical, chemical and microbiological parameters for the different groundwater samples collected from Thatta in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. It was observed that concentration of heavy metals were; As (0.0045 to 0.0055 mg/l), Cd (0.15-0.22 mg/L), Zn (0.040 to 0.046 mg/l), Pb (1.40-1.49 mg/l) and Cu (0.001- 0.87 mg/L) in both the seasons and were in order of Pb > Cu > Cd > Zn > As in premonsoon and Pb> Cd > Cu > Zn > As in post- monsoon respectively. Other parameters Electrical conductivity (233-987 μs/cm), pH (6.9-8.9), TDS (161.1-690.9 ppm), Temperature (24-33°C), chloride (81.79-131.78 ppm), total hardness as CaCO3 (124.40-188.81 ppm), nitrate (2.10-5.20 ppm) were within prescribed standard limits. Some common diseases were found to be nausea, vomiting and kidney damage.
Suresh Kumar Panjwani [34] collected Thirty-five groundwater samples and analysed for 22 different parameters including physicochemical parameters and bacteriological contamination. Three drinking water samples (9%) contain Fluoride as 1.83 mg/l to 0.44 mg/l which exceeds WHO limits. Two water samples (5%) were contaminated with nitrate–nitrogen i.e. 23.61 mg/l to 0.97 mg/l. (45%) 16 water samples were contaminated with E. coli ranges from 01-too numerous to count CFU/ml exceeding the prescribed limit by WHO (0/100ml). None of the drinking water samples (0%) were found bacteriological safe for drinking purpose. In 2014, another study examined water quality in Thatta, Karachi and Hyderabad found presence of heavy metals that exceeded the WHO drinking water guidelines [35].
Outbreak of Water Borne Disease
Improper treatment and dumping of waste in water bodies accounted for rise in water borne disease. Deteriorated quality of water in Sindh province had badly affected the human health. More than 20,000 children die annually in Karachi only, from which majority of deaths caused by drinking contaminated water. Outbreak of water borne disease have been noticed in different parts of Sindh including typhoid, cholera and diarrhea. According to Zahid J [36] areas surrounded by poor households, children with mothers married in early ages, children having small size at birth and ages less than 24 months and children belonging to uneducated mothers are found most vulnerable where prevalence of diarrhea found non-ignorable. In Sindh, Tando Allahyar (46%), Matiati (50%), Hyderabad(44%), Badin (40%), Mirpur Khas (40%) Karachi East (40%) and Karachi South (52%) have highest rate of cases while lowest rate found in children from rich house holds’ of Larakana (6%) and Jacobabad (8%). In some areas including Gadap, Kathore and coastal areas 30-35% of people have been found infected with viral hepatitis. While 20-25% of the population is infected with the deadly viral disease said by Dr Shahid Ahmed, consultant gastroenterologist and patron of the PGLDS on World Digestive Health Day 2018 (WDHD 18).
Recently, a drug-resistant typhoid strain identified first in Hyderabad, spread from the city to various parts of the country. 5,274 cases of XDR typhoid have been reported by Provincial Disease Surveillance and Response Unit (PDSRU) from 1 November 2016 through 9 December 2018.69 % (3658) of cases were reported in Karachi only, following 27% (1405) in Hyderabad, and 4% (211) in other districts of the province. On 9th July 2017, outbreak of acute watery diarrhea and abdominal pain in village Mir Khan Otho, District Shaheed Benazirabad were reported to the DG Health Office Sindh in Hyderabad. A total of 30 cases were identified (22 through active case finding) and n=16 (53.7%) were females. Mean age was 25.3 years (range: 1-50 years). Overall attack rate was 23%. People aged 21-30 years were the most affected (n=10; AR 43.5%). Apart from diarrhea, abdominal cramps (n=28; 93%) was the most common symptom. On bivariate analysis, consumption of water from the hand-pump near the swamp was significantly associated with the disease (OR=8.4, 95% CI: 3.1-22.7) [37].
In 2016, 22,000children have been hospitalized and more than 190 have died in Tharparkar district due to drought-related waterborne and viral diseases. According to the Joint UN Needs Assessment, water scarcity has been severely affected several districts (62% in Jamshoro and 100% in Tharparkar) which resulted in reduced harvest by 34-53% and livestock by 48% UNICEF [38]. According to local media, the total under- 5 deaths were rising from 173 in 2011, 188 in 2012, 234 in 2013, 326 in 2014, and 398 in 2015. According to the provincial health secretary, 450 children lost their lives in 2017, 479 died in 2016 and 398 in 2015 while reasons for the deaths vary. Furthermore, According to authorities in Tharparkar district, Sindh province, 99 children and 67 adults (43 men and 24 women) have reportedly died in Tharparkar since the beginning of 2014 as well as an outbreak of sheep pox occurred which has killed thousands of small animals (Pakistan: Drought - 2014-2017) [39]. Furthermore, three months after floods began in Pakistan, 99 cases of cholera were reported from across the floodaffected areas of the country (WHO).
In 1994, first ever case of dengue has been reported in Pakistan, sudden rise in cases first occurred in Karachi in November 2005. Since 2010, Pakistan has been encountering dengue fever that has caused 16 580 affirmed cases and 257 deaths in Lahore only also about 5000 cases and 60 death confirmed from other parts of the country (WHO) [40]. The three provinces have faced the epidemic are Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and Sindh. In Sindh province, 2088 dengue positive cases had been reported as well as two people had died of dengue in Karachi city in 2018. Currently, according to the weekly report issued by Prevention and Control Programmed for Dengue (PCPD) in Sindh, from January 1 to January 7, 2019 a total of 38 dengue positive cases were detected. From which 36 were reported in Karachi only while two were in other districts of Sindh (PPI).
Contamination Sources
Climate Change
For water resources, climate change is a long term and unmitigated risk. Water demands is expected to increase up by 5 percent to 15 percent by 2047 due to climatic change. In the upper Indus Basin, climate change will increase the risk of flood outbreak by accelerate glacial melting while in the lower Indus Basin, sea level rise and increases intensity of coastal storms also exacerbate seawater intrusion into the delta and into coastal groundwater. Furthermore, in coastal Sindh, groundwater quality will further be deteriorated and also impact the ecosystems, and irrigation productivity of the province. In addition to this, Sediment dynamics in the Indus sourcing, transport, and deposition have been significantly altered by water resources development. Past floods in Pakistan not only posed physical damage but also affected human lives in terms of flood-related death and illness as well as clean water and sanitation facilities. The flood destroyed 54.8% of homes and caused 86.8% households to move, with 46.9% living in an IDP camp. Lack of electricity increased from 18.8% to 32.9% (p = 0.000), lack of toilet facilities from 29.0% to 40.4% (p=0.000). Access to protected water remained unchanged (96.8%); however, the sources changed (p=0.000) [41].
Since 2013, Tharparkar has been influenced by a drought‐like circumstance affecting employments, nourishment and wellbeing conditions. In south-eastern Sindh, low rain fall throughout 2016 in districts including Tharparkar, Umerkot and Sanghar sharply reduced the cereal production also causes loss of small animals due to diseases and severe shortages of fodder and water. Moreover, it has aggravated food insecurity and caused acute malnutrition [42].
Poor Water Supply and Sanitation
USAID reported that in Pakistan about 60% of the total number of child mortality cases are caused by water and sanitation-related diseases. Pakistan Strategic Environmental Assessment of the World Bank, 2006 stated that about 2,000 mgd of wastewater is discharged to surface water bodies in Pakistan. 13,000 tons of municipal waste daily generated in Karachi only, following 3,581 in Hyderabad while 48 million tons a year around the country. Water and sanitation sector have the highest financial cost to Pakistan from environmental degradation at Rs112bn a year as reported by WB. This is based on health cost of only diarrhea and typhoid and accounts for 1.81 per cent of the GDP. While figures for Sindh are not available. According to the media (The news) “More than 50 per cent of the people were suffering from diseases related to water and sanitation due to the lack of proper sanitation in the Sindh province” speakers told on‘ World Toilet Day with the 2018 theme ‘Toilets and Nature, the Pathway to Neat and Clean Sindh’. In Karachi, 42 percent of the city’s total population have no access to a proper toilet and appropriate sanitation system and live in 539 slums. Furthermore, Karachi Metropolitan Corporation and Cantonment boards have public toilets at only 13 places.
Poor Water Management
According to Rubina Jaffri, the general manager of Health and Nutrition Development Society (Hands), only 440 MGD is being filtered out of 640 MGD of water supplied to Karachiat seven filtration plants. A recent survey accounted that 40% water samples collected from different parts of Karachi were not properly chlorinated. In Karachi, long transmission route also causes leakages and water thefts problems which account for the loss of almost 30% of the city’s water supply, said by Jawed Shamim, former chief engineer at KWSB (The Karachi Water and Sewerage Board).Moreover, Parallel water supply and sewage pipes currently lead to cross contamination and corrosion. Chief Minister Syed Murad Ali Shah, in Sindh there were 2,109 water filtration plants, including 1,620 RO plants, and 818 of them were non-functional. He also added that there were 5,091 water supply and drainage schemes and 2,494 of them were non-functional and 244 of them had been abandoned (PPI).
Agriculture sector consumes up to 90% of the available fresh water of the country. About 70% of the canal water is lost from river to the end user. The larger portion of canal water (35%) is wasted at field level which needs proper attention of the policy makers. furthermore, 30 MAF is equal to 10 trillion gallons which can feed a population of more than 500 million people has been dumped into Arabian sea instead of storage. Problem is the absence of efficient conservation, storage and usage of water [43-50].
Recommendations
a) Basic filtrations units and 24 hours water quality monitoring stations should be established
b) Proper usage, efficient storage and conservation strategies are utmost practices to deal with water scarcity problem
c) Rearranging of water supply line to deal mixing of municipal sewage into water supply
d) Latest and technical irrigation strategies to use water efficiently such as drip irrigation and sprinkling.
e) Proper waste management system and treatment of industrial effluent should strictly implement
f) Institutional capacity management in order to operate and maintain the water supply schemes
g) Proper design of water distribution network to deal with the water loss.
h) Education on the water conservation and utilization practice should be provided to people by arranging seminars and utilizing media
i) Water thief and corrupted people should be deal according to law and regulations
j) Construction of new water reservoirs and proper check in balance on old ones to enhance storage capability by resolving siltation problem
k) Encouragement of new polices and proper implementation as well as check in balance
l) Awareness campaign should be encouraged about water quality and water borne disease
m) Basic health care and relief facilities should be provided at doorsteps when needed to reduce death related to water borne disease
n) Involvement of community to reduce water pollution by providing basic knowledge and changing lifestyle.
o) Proper check in balance on water filtration plants to provide safe drinking water to communities.
p) Mitigation strategies to improve the response to climate change-induced effects on health and agriculture
Conclusion
Conclusively, water quality status of Sindh Pakistan has been reviewed. Most of the water in different areas of the province is contaminated with bacteria which causes outbreak of waterborne disease including, diarrhea, cholera, hepatitis and typhoid in many cities and caused millions of deaths simultaneously. Arsenic is the second hazardous chemical found in water of Sindh mostly in coastal areas. Fluoride and nitrite are other metal which pose threat to human lives in Sindh Pakistan. Thus, many policies have been established and many schemes were organized by provincial government to deal with the water crisis but still some gaps related to implementation exist that needs to be executed. Moreover, new reservoirs and flow distribution line should be constructed to deal with water scarcity and water loss problem of the province.
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Ticker: GT
Rating: BUY
EOY 2021 Target: 17 (conservative)
Feb. 2021 Target: 12.5
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Positions I’m Considering

Naked Pre-earnings Play: 10c exp. 02/12/21
Long Call Spread: BUY 7c, SELL 15p exp. 02/12/21
LEAP: 11c exp. 4/16/21
Thesis 1: Air and land travel will increase in 2021 as global economies recover from the pandemic. Goodyear will be a beneficiary of this recovery.
Catalyst 1: According to CNN, US air travel hit its highest level since mid-March (2020) over the (thanksgiving) holiday and millions of Americans still traveled by car to join family and friends.
TSA said it screened 1.17 million people on Sunday when many Americans were heading home from their Thanksgiving travels. That was 41% of the 2.9 million people screened by TSA on the same day in 2019. Thanksgiving 2019 set a TSA record.
That means more than 9.4 million people have been screened in the Thanksgiving travel window, which began on the Friday before the holiday.
According to NBC news, TSA data showed that 1,191,123 travelers passed through airport checkpoints nationwide Wednesday, the most since March 16.
From Friday to Sunday, a combined 3.2 million people boarded planes, according to agency data — more than 1 million a day.
Thesis 2: Goodyear will benefit in 2021 because of Biden’s energy initiative..
Catalyst 2: Biden has stated that he wants to position the U.S. Auto Industry to Win the 21st Century with technology invented in America.
Biden will use all the levers of the federal government, from purchasing power, R&D, tax, trade, and investment policies to reverse this trend and position America to be the global leader in the manufacture of electric vehicles and their input materials and parts.
Biden will spur an expansion of factory floors and a re-tool of existing manufacturing capacity, and create 1 million new jobs in auto manufacturing, auto supply chains, and auto infrastructure
America must accelerate its own R&D with a focus on developing the domestic supply chain for electric vehicles. A specific focus of Biden’s historic R&D and procurement commitments will be on battery technology – for use in electric vehicles and on our grid, as a complement to technologies like solar and wind – increasing durability, reducing waste, and lowering costs, all while advancing new chemistries and approaches. And Biden will ensure that these batteries are built in the United States by American workers in good, union jobs.

About Goodyear

Goodyear is one of the world's leading tire companies with operations in most regions of the world and one of the most recognized brand names. Together with its U.S. and international subsidiaries, Goodyear develops, manufactures, markets, and distributes tires for most applications.
Goodyear is one of the world's largest suppliers of aviation tires for commercial, military and general aviation aircraft. Operating a global business from its Akron, Ohio headquarters, Goodyear manufactures aviation tires and retreads in the United States, Thailand, Brazil, and The Netherlands.
Goodyear Segmentation: Automobile industries
Goodyear Target Market: Racing cars, heavy duty vehicles, passenger cars, bikes, industrial equipment-like forklifts, bulldozers, cranes, airplanes, etc.
Goodyear Positioning: Excellent product quality maintained over decades with continual improvement.
SWOT Analysis

1. With the turnover of over $22 billion they are one of the world’s leading tire makers with no.1 position in North America & Latin America and second position in Europe.
2. It has a Global Footprint with operations at 54 sites spread over 22 countries.
3. Innovation centers at Ohio and Luxembourg provide them with a competitive edge in technology.
4. Excellent management team with over 70,000 employees globally
5. Company has established a strong brand identity and customer loyalty.
6. Most successful tire supplier in Formula 1.

Potential Weaknesses

1. Penetration level in Asian emerging economies is less
2. Intense competition in the tire industry makes market share constant
3. Studies reveal it company produces high amount of air pollution

Potential Opportunities

1. Emerging markets need to be capitalized on (EV in particular)
2. Tie-ups with Automobile manufacturing giants may go a long way.
3. Innovative and catchy advertising campaigns

Potential Threats (not including the ongoing Covid pandemic)

1. Volatility in raw material prices.
2. Low priced substitutes
3. Stiff competition both from national and international companies.
4. Government Policies - export duties, import duties, tax levied on automobile industries and economic condition of the nations as it determines the sale of automobiles.
5. Introduction of other transport facilities like metro, monorails and local trains keeping pollution hazards caused by combustion of automobile fuels.
6. Fluctuations in exchange rates

Facilities in the United States

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Environmental Responsibility

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A Few Goodyear Competitors

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Current Tire Market (https://www.tirereview.com)

Smithers published the Future of Global Tires to 2024 report, which sized the tire market at over 2.36 billion units in 2019, with topline volume growth expected to continue at a 3.1% compound annual rate from 2019 through 2024. In 2024, total global industry tire volume was expected to reach 2.75 billion units. The 2019 market value of $239 billion was expected rise to $280 billion in 2024, for a 3.2% compound annual growth rate. Considering the impact of COVID-19 on the global tires market, Smithers sees little recovery in 2020-2021, with real recovery starting in 2022 and 2019 tire volume not being reached again until 2023.
As part of its Global Tires report refresh that accounts for the impact of COVID-19 on the industry, Smithers estimates volume growth over the next couple of years will fall significantly with market conditions prolonging the status quo in technology. The market adjustment will slow the adoption of electric vehicles and delay ride sharing, as well as drive supply chain consolidation and other disruptions.
Although COVID-19 will significantly impact 2020 tire sales, the tire market in Asia is forecast to pick up and grow on average by 3.6% until 2025.
General tires will continue to make up the majority (84.2% share) of the total Asia tires market by 2025, but significant stronger growth is forecasted in aircraft, specialty and OTR tires.
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The high-performance passenger calight goods vehicle segment is the largest in volume and value for specialty tires and is growing rapidly, driven by the growth of CUV, SUV and pickup truck segments in Asia.
Current tire technology in China is focused on low rolling resistance (LRR) tires, driven by pressure from the government to reduce CO2 emissions and the establishment of the China Rubber Industry Association (CRIA) tire labeling system.
List of the Top Key Players of Low Rolling Resistance Tire Market:

1. Apollo Tyres Ltd
2. Bridgestone Corp
3. Continental AG
4. Cooper Tire and Rubber Co
5. Hankook Tire and Technology Co Ltd
6. Michelin Group
7. Pirelli and C Spa
8. The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co
9. The Yokohama Rubber Co Ltd
10. and ZHONGCE RUBBER GROUP Co Ltd

China is, and will continue to be, the biggest EV market, and its progress in the segment will influence the rest of the world. This is due to government policies designed to reduce pollution in cities and dependence on imported oil. The government also desires to dominate this growth industry. In Asia, the electric bus market is expected to be dominated by China and India in size and to be predominantly BEVs (Battery Electric Vehicles). Japan and South Korea will also invest significantly in electric buses, as will the Southeast Asia region led by Singapore.
List of major players operating in the South East Asian tire market include PT Gajah Tunggal TBK, PT Suryaraya Rubberindo Industries, Bridgestone Corporation, Compagnie Generale des Etablissements Michelin, Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Continental AG, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Deestone Corporation Limited, Toyo Tire & Rubber Co. Ltd, The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd., etc.
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South East Asia Rubber Market Analysis and Forecasts to 2023 (https://www.globenewswire.com/)

Asia accounts for 93% of the world natural rubber production with Thailand being the largest producer followed by Indonesia and Vietnam. Other large rubber producers in the region include India, China and Malaysia.
In 2019, the global natural rubber production stood at 13.804 million tonnes. It is expected that in 2020, the production will increase 2.7% to 14.177 million tonnes. The first two months of 2020 have recorded an annualized fall of 5.2% in global natural rubber production. The global synthetic rubber market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.1% in the period 2015-2023 and be worth USD 45,767.1 million.
Economic downturn being experienced by China which is globally the largest importer of rubber is keeping rubber prices balanced in a scenario where supply outstrips demand. The oversupply situation persists even though the three largest producers of rubber, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand are reducing the output of the material used in manufacturing of a range of products from gloves to car tires. China is also the world's largest consumer of natural rubber followed by India and the United States. The slowdown in the Chinese economy remains a concern for the global rubber industry. The Coronavirus global outbreak is expected to have long-reaching hampering effects on the Chinese as well as the global economy.
Goodyear does not own any rubber tree plantations, but they have taken actions as a purchaser of natural rubber with Goodyear Orient Company. Goodyear Orient Company (Private) Limited (GOCPL) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company (GTRC) and has been around since 1917.

Goodyear and Some EV News

Goodyear And TuSimple Collaborate On Autonomous Vehicle Freight Operations - prnewswire - 11/20/20
The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company (NASDAQ: GT) announced today a strategic relationship with TuSimple, a global autonomous trucking technology company, to provide tires and tire management solutions to TuSimple's Autonomous Freight Network (AFN).
Goodyear will provide products and repair services to enhance the safety and operation of autonomous trucks. Additionally, Goodyear and TuSimple will conduct wear studies designed to understand how autonomous trucks and tires can help better predict maintenance, understand tire longevity and reduce the carbon impact of fleets.
Collected data from the study will also deliver insights into the difference between an autonomous and human driver with respect to the tires.
"With our leadership in products, fleet support and advanced innovations, Goodyear is applying knowledge to help deliver performance and safety with autonomous vehicles," according to Erin Spring, Goodyear's director, new ventures.
GOODYEAR, ENVOY TECHNOLOGIES PILOT DIGITAL SERVICE SOLUTION FOR SHARED, ON-DEMAND EV FLEETS - news.goodyear.eu/ - 3/21/20
The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company today announced a new pilot program with Envoy Technologies, a provider of shared on-demand, community-based electric vehicles (EVs). The pilot, which launched early this year, is testing services aimed at minimizing operational downtime for vehicle fleets
Goodyear’s unique predictive tire servicing solution for connected fleets is being used to forecast and automatically schedule needed tire maintenance and replacement. Envoy’s fleet managers can see its fleet’s status, schedule maintenance needs and update appointments with Goodyear’s on-demand scheduling program, helping to keep its vehicles operational and avoid the typically unforeseen issues that might suddenly force a shared vehicle to be pulled from service.
To do this, Goodyear gathers secure, anonymized data from Envoy’s connected vehicles and uses it to predict and schedule service needs. Goodyear then utilizes its network of outlets and mobile vans to provide service to the vehicles. The mobile vans can install tires on-site at their charging stations, maintaining vehicle safety with minimal time required by Envoy staff.
“With on-demand car sharing and ride hailing services on the rise, Goodyear is extending its fleet services business model to shared mobility providers to improve urban fleet operations,” said Chris Helsel, Goodyear’s chief technology officer.
Envoy provides shared, community-based electric vehicles where people live, work and stay, with a significant percentage of its fleet dedicated to deployment in disadvantaged communities. The two-year-old company recently passed a milestone of more than 100 vehicles deployed at partner sites with a pipeline of 1,800 vehicles to be launched in major metropolitan areas across the nation, including Portland, Seattle, Austin, Chicago, New York, Boston, Miami and Washington, D.C.
Goodyear’s effort with Envoy builds on a successful test program with Tesloop, a city-to-city mobility service that exclusively used Tesla electric vehicles, and the commercialization of Goodyear Proactive Solutions for truck fleets, using advanced telematics and predictive analytics technology to allow fleet operators to optimize fuel efficiency and precisely identify and resolve tire-related issues before they happen.
Goodyear Partners with Lexus to Shape the Future of Electric Mobility - news.goodyear.eu/ - 3/5/20
Lexus LF-30 Electrified concept was originally presented sitting on four bespoke Goodyear concept tires at the 2019 Tokyo Motor Show. It was presented again on Tuesday, March 3rd at Lexus’ live press conference during the Virtual Press Day of the 2020 Geneva International Motor Show.
Goodyear’s concept tires are tailor-made to benefit the modern, sleek and sporty design of the Lexus. They support EV motors and are designed to improve the overall comfort and performance of the car.
The LF-30 Electrified concept tire includes several innovative features:
EV motor cooling: Drawing on Goodyear’s expertise in aerodynamics, the concept tires are designed to improve the cooling of the EV motors. Cool air enters through the front bumper intake and fins on the tires drive the flow towards the electric motor positioned behind each wheel. The hot air produced by the EV motor is then expelled towards the outer edge of the rim of the LF-30 Electrified.
Reduced aerodynamic drag: The tire design along with the outer tire shape would improve the Lexus’ aerodynamics by reducing drag, resulting in higher efficiency and battery range.
Noise reduction through biomimicry: Goodyear found inspiration in nature when designing the concept tires. The leading edges of the cooling fins are covered with fine velvet like on the wings of an owl, which enables the predator to silently catch their prey at night. Through this biomimetic solution, the rolling noise of the tire would be reduced to a minimum.
Goodyear’s concept tire for the Lexus LF-30 Electrified concept comes in a 285/35R24 size.
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Goodyear touts mileage gains in 2nd-gen EfficientGrip EV tires - tirebsiness.com - 3/3/20
Goodyear is preparing to launch later this year the second generation of its EfficientGrip Performance electric-vehicle tire line, promising the new version will deliver 50% longer life than the first generation, which launched in 2018.
Goodyear held a video press conference from its European headquarters office in Brussels to launch the EfficientGrip Performance 2 and unveil its latest concept design, the Goodyear reCharge, which features a self-regenerating tread.
Goodyer claims the EfficientGrip Performance 2 offers 20% more tread life than the "next best tested" competitor, while continuing to outperform the competition wet and dry braking, according to Mike Rytokoski, chief marketing officer, consumer Europe.
Mr. Rytokoski said half of all the new tires Goodyear has designed now are for electric vehicles, which require bespoke EV tires because they are heavier, due to weight of the batteries, and deliver extra torque.
As for future generations of EV tires, Goodyear said industry figures show 57% of all passenger vehicle sales, and over 30% of the global passenger vehicle fleet, will be electric by 2040.
Goodyear's vision of a next-generation tire for EVs is the reCharge, a non-pneumatic design that features a self-regenerating tread based on the use of biodegradable liquid.
To regenerate the tread, the vehicle owner inserts a capsule containing the liquid into the hub, where it mates up with the tubes. The centrifugal force of the rolling tire/wheel distributes the liquid up to the base of the tread elements, Goodyear showed in a video.
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The tread compound also would be reinforced with fibers inspired by spider silk, Goodyear said.
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The tire maker did not elaborate on what materials it envisions for the reCharge's wheel or how the tread elements would renew if supplied with a liquid from underneath but did say it envisions the liquid could be engineered to allow the vehicle owner to customize the tire tread to climatic or environmental changes.

Goodyear and Biden Connection - thehill.com - 08/19/20

Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden defended Goodyear tires after President Trump urged Americans to boycott its products after he claimed the company announced a “ban” on his campaign’s “Make America Great Again” attire.
“Goodyear employs thousands of American workers, including in Ohio where it is headquartered. To President Trump, those workers and their jobs aren't a source of pride, just collateral damage in yet another one of his political attacks,” Biden said in a statement. “President Trump doesn’t have a clue about the dignity and worth that comes with good-paying union jobs at places like Goodyear — jobs that can support a family and sustain a community.”

Electric Vehicle Outlook (bnef.com) (added 2/2/21)

Automakers are accelerating their EV launch plans, partly to comply with increasingly stringent regulations in Europe and China. COVID-19 will delay some of these, but by 2022 there will be over 500 different EV models available globally
Passenger EV sales jumped from 450,000 in 2015 to 2.1 million in 2019. They will drop in 2020 before continuing to rise as battery prices fall, energy density improves, more charging infrastructure is built, and sales spread to new markets.
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By 2040, over half of all passenger vehicles sold will be electric. Markets like China and parts of Europe achieve much higher penetrations, but lower adoption in emerging markets reduces the global average.
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Despite the rapid growth, there will be 1.4 billion passenger vehicles on the road in 2030 and EVs account for just 8% of these. This rises to 31% by 2040 as the fleet slowly changes over.
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Number of countries that have announced plans to phase out sales of internal combustion vehicles.
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Looking beyond passenger cars, several ‘killer apps’ are emerging for electrification. Two-wheeled vehicles (scooters, mopeds, motorcycles) and municipal buses are already going electric quickly and accelerate further in the next ten years. Delivery vans are the next segments to cross the tipping point.
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09/30/20 10k SEC Filing

Product

Bullish Statements
Net sales in the third quarter of 2020 were $3,465 million, compared to $3,802 million in the third quarter of 2019. Net sales decreased in the third quarter of 2020 primarily due to lower global tire volume, unfavorable foreign currency translation, primarily in Americas, and lower sales in other tire-related businesses, primarily due to lower aviation sales globally and a decrease in third-party sales of chemical products in Americas. These decreases were partially offset by improvements in price and product mix, primarily in EMEA and Americas.
Europe, Middle East and Africa: In the third quarter of 2020, Goodyear net loss was $2 million, or $0.01 per share, compared to net income of $88 million, or $0.38 per share, in the third quarter of 2019. The change in Goodyear net income (loss) was driven by lower segment operating income, partially offset by lower income tax expense.
Net sales in the third quarter of 2020 were $1,156 million, decreasing $49 million, or 4.1%, from $1,205 million in the third quarter of 2019. Net sales decreased primarily due to lower tire volume of $97 million. This decrease was partially offset by improvements in price and product mix of $40 million, driven by higher proportionate sales of commercial tires, and favorable foreign currency translation of $5 million, driven by the strengthening of the euro.
Bearish Statements
Worldwide tire unit sales in the third quarter of 2020 were 36.6 million units, decreasing 3.7 million units, or 9.1%, from 40.3 million units in the third quarter of 2019.
Net sales decreased in the first nine months of 2020 primarily due to lower global tire volume, lower sales in other tire-related businesses, primarily due to a decrease in third-party sales of chemical products in Americas and lower aviation sales globally, and unfavorable foreign currency translation.
Net sales decreased in the third quarter of 2020, primarily due to lower global tire volume of $295 million, unfavorable foreign currency translation of $56 million, primarily in Americas, and lower sales in other tire-related businesses of $48 million, primarily due to lower aviation sales globally and a decrease in third-party sales of chemical products in Americas.
Europe, Middle East and Africa: Net sales in the third quarter of 2020 were $1,156 million, decreasing $49 million, or 4.1%, from $1,205 million in the third quarter of 2019. Net sales decreased primarily due to lower tire volume of $97 million. This decrease was partially offset by improvements in price and product mix of $40 million, driven by higher proportionate sales of commercial tires, and favorable foreign currency translation of $5 million, driven by the strengthening of the euro.
Europe, Middle East and Africa unit sales in the third quarter of 2020 decreased 1.3 million units, or 8.9%, to 13.2 million units. Replacement tire volume decreased 1.0 million units, or 8.2%, primarily in our consumer business, reflecting decreased industry demand as a result of the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and expected declines resulting from our initiative to align distribution in Europe. OE tire volume decreased 0.3 million units, or 11.3%, primarily in our consumer business, driven by lower vehicle production as a result of ongoing pandemic-related impacts at major OE manufacturers and our continued exit of declining, less profitable market segments.
Europe, Middle East and Africa unit sales in the first nine months of 2020 decreased 10.0 million units, or 23.8%, to 32.1 million units. Replacement tire volume decreased 6.4 million units, or 20.5%, primarily in our consumer business, reflecting decreased industry demand as a result of the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and expected declines resulting from our initiative to align distribution in Europe.
America: Net sales in the third quarter of 2020 were $1,823 million, decreasing $226 million, or 11.0%, from $2,049 million in the third quarter of 2019. The decrease in net sales was driven by lower tire volume of $155 million, unfavorable foreign currency translation of $58 million, primarily related to the Brazilian real, and lower sales in other tire-related businesses of $42 million, primarily due to a decrease in third-party sales of chemical products and lower aviation sales.
Asia Specific: Net sales in the first nine months of 2020 were $1,208 million, decreasing $361 million, or 23.0%, from $1,569 million in the first nine months of 2019. Net sales decreased due to lower tire volume of $320 million, unfavorable foreign currency translation of $27 million, primarily related to the weakening of the Indian rupee and Australian dollar, and lower sales in other tire-related businesses of $26 million, primarily due to lower aviation and retail sales.
Asia Specific: Replacement tire volume decreased 2.1 million units, or 15.3%, primarily in our consumer business, reflecting decreased industry demand as a result of the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Net sales in the third quarter of 2020 were $486 million, decreasing $62 million, or 11.3%, from $548 million in the third quarter of 2019. Net sales decreased due to lower tire volume of $43 million, unfavorable price and product mix of $9 million, and lower sales in other tire-related businesses of $8 million, primarily due to lower aviation sales.
We expect our liquidity to remain strong through the remainder of the year. However, the borrowing base under our first lien revolving credit facility is dependent, in significant part, on our eligible accounts receivable and inventory, which have declined as a result of our lower sales and production levels due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Earnings

Bullish Statements
The change in Goodyear net income (loss) was driven by lower segment operating income, partially offset by lower income tax expense.
Our earnings and forecasts of future profitability, taking into consideration recent trends, along with three significant sources of foreign income provide us sufficient positive evidence that we will be able to utilize our remaining foreign tax credits that expire between 2025 and 2030.
Bearish Statements
Earnings in other tire-related businesses decreased by $25 million, primarily due to lower aviation and motorcycle sales.
Additionally, on April 17, 2020, we reached a tentative bargaining agreement, which was ratified on May 1, 2020, and subsequently permanently closed our Gadsden, Alabama manufacturing facility (“Gadsden”) as part of our continuing strategy to strengthen the competitiveness of our manufacturing footprint by curtailing production of tires for declining, less profitable segments of the tire market.

Expenses

Bullish Statements
These negative impacts were partially offset by cost savings of approximately $76 million, including raw material cost saving measures of approximately $6 million.
These decreases were partially offset by a $24 million increase in expense related to potentially uncollectible accounts receivable, primarily in EMEA and Americas.
Interest expense in the first nine months of 2020 was $246 million, decreasing $15 million, or 5.7%, from $261 million in the first nine months of 2019.
SAG decreased primarily due to lower global travel-related expenses of $8 million and lower product liability costs of $5 million in Americas.
We have taken, and will continue to take, other actions to reduce costs and preserve cash in order to successfully navigate the current economic environment, including limiting capital expenditures to no more than $700 million for the full year and reducing discretionary spending, including other selling, administrative and general expenses (“SAG”), which, in total, decreased by $17 million and $118 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively.
These decreases were partially offset by improvements in price and product mix, primarily in EMEA and Americas. In the third quarter of 2020, Goodyear net loss was $2 million, or $0.01 per share, compared to net income of $88 million, or $0.38 per share, in the third quarter of 2019. The change in Goodyear net income (loss) was driven by lower segment operating income, partially offset by lower income tax expense.
Europe, Middle East and Africa: These decreases were partially offset by lower raw material costs of $11 million and improvements in price and product mix of $10 million.

Cashflow

Bearish Statements
We are actively monitoring our liquidity and have taken a number of actions aimed at mitigating the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on our cash flows and liquidity, such as suspending production at most of our manufacturing facilities during parts of the first half of 2020, reducing our second quarter payroll costs through a combination of furloughs, temporary salary reductions and salary deferrals, refinancing our first lien revolving credit facility to extend its maturity and increase its borrowing base, issuing $800 million of 9.5% senior notes due 2025, temporarily suspending the quarterly dividend on our common stock, reducing capital expenditures and discretionary spending, and using governmental relief efforts to defer payroll and other tax payments globally.

Debt

Bearish Statements
In addition to our previous financing activities, we may seek to undertake additional financing actions which could include restructuring bank debt or capital markets transactions, possibly including the issuance of additional debt or equity. Given the inherent uncertainty of market conditions, access to the capital markets cannot be assured.

Technical Analysis

Leap PT: 17
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Medium (Earnings Run) PT: 12.5
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Option Order Flow

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Dec. Dark Pool Prints

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Rating: BUY
EOY 2021 Target: 17 (conservative)
Feb. 2021 Target: 12.5
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Positions I’m Considering

Naked Pre-earnings Play: 10c exp. 02/12/21
Long Call Spread: BUY 7c, SELL 15p exp. 02/12/21
LEAP: 11c exp. 4/16/21

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A series of materials about TKEY Online will help you to reveal the advantages of this product, its functionality, safety, and purpose. In this material, the team shares with you information that will help you easily understand the properties and characteristics of the TKEY Online application.
Turn on the video in high quality, get acquainted with the interface, and look at the features that will be available to you soon; and then go back and read the material in full.
https://reddit.com/link/l0rhsb/video/pr4ef0wiecc61/player

Features of TKEY Online

TKEY Online is the first mobile and web application based on the TkeyNet infrastructure. The application provides a range of functionality for its users, providing a high level of security.
It is a complex application built on modern technologies, cryptography, and mathematics. For the user is a secure mobile and web application for managing various assets in TkeyNet. Instant transactions, exchanges, trading, secure asset storage, and more.

TKEY Online Security

When developing TKEY, the online team was guided by military-grade security when using the app.
In addition to the level of security provided by cryptography, encryption, the application protects your privacy. The use of a distributed database excludes the possibility of information falsification.

Serverless architecture

TKEY Online is built based on TkeyNet the web application that works without a central server can not be blocked or stopped. The application architecture eliminates hacks, hacker attacks, and all data is encrypted using cryptographic methods. TkeyNet developed on stable cryptography, and only the owner of the secret key has access to the assets.

One secret key. Simple and reliable

To log in to a TKEY Online account a secret key is used, which is stored on the user’s device and encrypted.
Pay attention. Centralized applications store your keys and sensitive data on their servers, exposing them to the risk of theft and other hazards.
In TKEY Online, only you have access to assets through a secret key. Thus, when you use TKEY Online, its interface is only a “shell” of the protected TkeyNet infrastructure.
The possibility of theft of the secret key by an attacker from TKEY Online is absent since this data is not available on the central server.
Web application. When you use the TKEY Online web application, the secret key is stored encrypted on your side and only for the duration of the session. If you click the “Refresh” button (F5) or close the TKEY Online page, the secret key will automatically delete from your storage, and you will need to log in again.
Recommendations. Save the key on a USB drive(flash drive), regularly update the browser you use. However, as mentioned above, all data is stored on your side and in encrypted form.
Mobile app. When you use the mobile app, the secret key is store on your side in an encrypted form. Additional encryption provides through modern encryption methods of the Android or iOS operating systems.

Full control

Only you control access to assets, operations using a secret key.
Pay attention. The nature of the cryptography used does not allow anyone other than the owner of the secret key to access the funds stored in TKEY Online. Thanks to this — all assets are kept safe and used only when the owner decides to spend them: send, exchange, etc.
The high-level security of TKEY Online guarantees you-that only you have access to assets (account), accounts. The company, its developers, and any other third parties do not have access to or control your TKEY-accounts.
The formula is simple. There is a key — there is access. No key — no is access.
The implementation of TKEY Online excludes the use of any personal information and its storage.

Confidentiality. Lack of personal information

The implementation of TKEY Online excludes the use of any personal information and its storage. To create an account, a key pair (TKEY-Account) create.
Note. A key pair is a TKEY Account, which consists of an Account and a Secret Key. Account — account ID in TkeyNet; Secret key — alphanumeric password for the TKEY account.
Reference. For example, to crack a key of 78 bits, it will take 32,000 years on a single system of 1 thousand parallel processors, and hacking a TKEY account is impossible without knowing the secret key that uses more bits. We will talk about cryptography in TkeyNet in the following materials.

TKEY Online Security Level

TKEY Online is different from the usual wallets and banking applications. The owner of the TKEY-account has full control over their assets and is responsible for the security of their private key. An account with assets cannot be blocked, restricted, or stopped. TKEY Online does not store or request personal data.
Using TKEY Online you need to keep the secret key in a safe place. We did all the security work for you.
Anyone who understands the advantages of the level of protection based on cryptography knows that already now TKEY Online is maximally protected from any attacks, theft of funds, and other malicious actions.
Storing assets in TKEY Online is similar to using hardware wallets, which usually use work with digital currencies. However, TKEY Online is much more convenient, more functional, and at the same time as protected as possible.
There are always users who though of the maximum level of protection, can worry about their assets. For such users, the team prepares several methods to ensure secure storage.
Two-factor protection application. Just note that this is a non-classical 2FA and not an SMS code. The team is developing a separate application that bases on cryptography. Using the app, you will be able to confirm all payment transactions in TKEY Online.
Note. Applications for two-factor protection will be useful for those users who rarely make trading operations. And they consider TKEY Online as a secure repository for their assets. Why are we talking about rare trading operations? Using two-factor protection applications, you need to confirm each trade operation. If you are an active trader, then speed is a factor for you. For convenience, you can create several accounts. For example, one for active trading, and the second for storing digital assets. Connect the application for two-factor protection to it.
Cold storage. Regardless of the two-factor security application that the team is still developing, it will be possible to create a “cold TKEY Account” on the TKEY account creation page online. How it will work — you download special software, generate a TKEY Account without an Internet connection, and then transfer funds from another account to the TKEY Account created in the cold. This method will be of interest to those who want to store most of the assets without an Internet connection.

What features will be available in TKEY Online?

TKEY Online is a new generation mobile and web application based on cryptography, using modern technologies and best practices. The maximum level of security, user-friendly interfaces, and the necessary features required for asset management.

TKEY Online interface

The application uses a user-friendly interface that will help you manage various assets-exchange and trade them.
Unlike complex exchange instruments, TKEY Online is an application for people with different levels of experience.
The complex turns into the simple. The team has created an intuitive interface user can quickly get started with the application. In the app, quick access to assets, instant transactions. It is easy to exchange one asset for another, easy to deposit, withdraw assets, and much more.

One account — an unlimited number of assets

TKEY Online is part of a large ecosystem all connected assets to TkeyNet are automatically made available in the TKEY Online account. Using one account you can receive and send any asset available in TKEY Online.
What is an account? The account ID in TkeyNet. Example TCCEVV22RWC2PSH73AWNY4IEHGUOL3KPPWLLP32RGLKX73VBRABGWRG2. All accounts in the TKEY ecosystem start with the letter T.
For example, the following assets connect to TkeyNet: USD, EUR, GBP, USD. In your account, including the assets you need, such as USD and GBP. Thus, you already have three assets available: TKEY, USD, and GBP, but the account is the same. The user sends GBP to the account TCCEVV22RWC2PSH73AWNY4IEHGUOL3KPPWLLP32RGLKX73VBRABGWRG2, the system automatically detects the currency and transfers it to GBP.
Regardless of the assets that connect to your account, one account is used, which is very convenient.

TkeyID — even more convenient and familiar

To simplify operations with assets in TKEY Online, you can include TkeyID is the universal identifier that looks like an email, only instead of @, & is used, — name&domain.com.
After activation TkeyID, account TCCEVV22RWC2PSH73AWNY4IEHGUOL3KPPWLLP32RGLKX73VBRABGWRG2, looks like this — name & domain.com.
TkeyID solves a problem with complex identifiers that are, firstly, difficult to remember, and secondly, difficult to pass to the user. Now it is not necessary to know the recipient’s account, it is enough to send funds by their TkeyID — the funds will arrive within a few seconds. Fast, convenient, and safe.

All in one application

It’s time to dive into the full power of TKEY Online’s features that provide you with the best asset management practices.

Continuous integration of assets

All connected assets to TkeyNet automatically become available in TKEY Online — you do not need to wait for the next update is available. For example, in TKEY Online only TKEY and TUSD are available soon as EUR at connecting it will automatically become available in TKEY Online. Everything is increasing.
Furthermore. The connection of assets will take place on an ongoing basis, this is one of the key functions of the application, in addition, the connected assets to TkeyNet will become available not only for TKEY Online users but also for other products that will be released on the basis of TkeyNet. Everything works together and complements each other.
At the same time, for developers, companies planning to develop financial instruments, the TKEY ecosystem ensures the availability of assets through TkeyAPI. Easy to connect and integrate without wasting time building code.
For developers, companies planning to develop financial instruments, the TKEY ecosystem ensures the availability of assets through TkeyAPI. Easy to connect and integrate without wasting time building code.

Reliable storage of liquidity

A single system gives you access to any asset. This year, the company will do a lot of work to connect different currencies, which will become available right in the application.
What are the obvious advantages? First, everything is store in a secure system, no one except you has access to the assets; it doesn’t matter if you store $100 or several million dollars — only you have access. Secondly, you can exchange any available assets regardless of the country where you live. Thirdly, there is always a currency pair for TKEY you to carry out the exchange you need.

Save on transactions, orders. Free transaction fees

All operations, including exchange orders, transfers — are carried out in seconds (regardless of the country of departure and country of receipt). The transaction fee is less than a cent. Transactions are free.
Fee for payments. All operations in TkeyNet, regardless of the application used, are measured (quantified) in TKEY.
TKEY circulates in the ecosystem and its products, which creates a reliable economic system. Regardless of whether you send GBP, USD, or EUR, the transaction fee charge in TKEY.

Decentralized trading

Another feature of TKEY Online is decentralized trading. Besides, you can perform any operations in TKEY Online without using banks or payment systems. Exchange, send — no additional actions are required. TkeyNet exchange engine processing up to 8,640,000,000 transactions per day.

Quick Transactions

Using TKEY Online-sending any asset takes a few seconds and does not depend on the recipient’s country. For example, digital assets connect to TkeyNet, which are created based on “slow systems” — the speed of sending such assets is measured at the level of TkeyNet and passes in seconds.
Example. You live in Germany need to quickly send 2,000 euros to France to your parents or friends, colleagues — to do this, you specify the recipient’s TkeyID in TKEY Online — in the same second, 2,000 euros transfer to the recipient’s account.
This functionality provides you with fast exchanges/transfers anywhere in the world without hidden fees.

“Each payment will pass through a digital payment system without bank intervention. You will be able to link a bank card for automatic withdrawal of digital funds to the local currency.”

How do assets work in TKEY Online?

TKEY Online allows you to access various assets regardless of the country of your location. For example, a user from Europe can buy and sell Indian Rupees without a bank account in India, trade securities without a brokerage account.
Reference. All assets in TKEY Online provide by financial institutions. You can add any available digital assets without opening a bank account. Digital assets can send, exchanged, received, replenished, and withdrawn.
Are there any restrictions? No. You can exchange EUR, AED, or any other available asset in TKEY Online.
How does it work? The assets provided by partners tokenize through TkeyConnect → new digital assets appear in the system, which is immediately available to all users.
Let’s analyze an example. In TKEY Online are connected: USD, AED, EUR, RUB, TUSD. For ease of perception, we detail the information:
USD → issued by Bank A from Switzerland. AED → issued by Bank B of Dubai. EUR → issued by Bank C from Europe. RUB → issued by Bank D from Russia. TUSD → released by digital trading platform E.
Regardless of the country of registration or location, the user who has an account in TKEY Online gets access to all assets: USD, AED, EUR, RUB, TUSD. For example, a user from France can exchange TKEY for RUB or AED for TUSD.
Or a user from France who owns AED wants to withdraw funds to a bank account and does not want to lose money on converting AED to EUR.
The user in TKEY Online exchanges AED for EUR. Next, click Withdraw → opens a menu (page) where suppliers present the case of a user from France → who selects a bank from Europe → that withdraws funds to a bank account.
Conclusions. In TKEY Online, you can use any assets and exchange them. Besides, if there is no provider for the withdrawal of one currency, then in the app TKEY Online you can exchange for the desired currency and withdraw through a provider available for your country.

Distributed Partner System

All providers are united in a single TKEY ecosystem, and each organization has its level of responsibility, levels of access to data, depending on the services provided.
How does it work? The user wants to buy USD or TKEY for euro. In addition to the euro, the user has no other currency, the euro stores on the bank card. The user creates an account in TKEY Online → selects a supplier, for example, Bank C from Europe. Passes verification in Bank C → then the user makes deposits in euros → bank C issues tokenized euros to the user in TKEY Online → the user in TKEY Online buy USD for tokenized euros.
Note. Verification depends on the service provider, but the procedure follows a single standard: proof of identity, phone number.
Reference. There is no collection or storage of personal information at the TKEY ecosystem and application level.
Advantages of this approach. First, all data is delimited and not stored in TKEY Online. Secondly, if you have passed verification in Bank D, your data is stored only in the bank. Information about the account and the funds on it is available only to you and no one else. Verification or authentication only requires a licensed service provider if you withdraw fiat currencies from the system.
Pay attention. Centralized exchanges receive all customer data and can use the information for their purposes, especially since the site can be hacked, which will lead not only to the disclosure of your data but also to the loss of funds.
TKEY Online. There is no storage of personal data in the app. Asset providers do not have any data about your accounts and do not have control over them.
A distributed partner strategy. Besides, we emphasize that if you have passed verification in Bank D, then Bank B or digital trading platform E-do not overlap in any way in TkeyNet. They do not have data about you, as well as no other information.
Licensed organizations are allowed to tokenize Fiat currencies, shares, and other financial instruments: NBFI, banks, and professional financial market participants. User deposits store in insured accounts.
The process of distributing partners is similar to the mechanism of the distributed registry. If one partner fails, it does not affect the performance of the TkeyNet system in any way.

Theses

TKEY Online is a secure application with instant transactions, fast access to various currencies, including digital, instant international payments. Exchange operations, secure-transactions, etc.

• Security. Cryptography.
• Independence — access only from the key owner.
• Privacy — no personal data in TKEY Online.
• International money transfers in seconds.
• Access to assets that are available in TkeyNet. For example, GBP, USD, EUR, etc.
• The commission is less than a cent.
• Intuitive interface.
• The app will be available from any device. Web application: interfaces to mobile devices and browsers. Mobile apps for Android and iOS. Mobile apps for Android and iOS.

In conclusion

If you have only watched videos with TKEY interfaces online, we recommend reading this material in full. In the second part, the team will analyze and detail individual functions, for example, working with assets, using the market maker. And also talk about the upcoming launch of the TKEY app Online.
The second part is a detailed dive into the meanings and functions of TKEY Online. To date, more than 80% of the entire development stage is ready. Final work on Market Data and integration with partners is underway.
Don’t miss the next issue.

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2020 / 05 / 18 Source
With the advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, intelligentization has become the main theme of technology development in the 21st century. The core technology of intelligent manufacturing is the Internet of Things (IoT) technology and the Cyber-Physical System (CPS). By combining big data analysis, artificial intelligence, cloud computing and other technologies, intelligent manufacturing is trying to intelligentize every step of the production process, thereby achieve the customized business goal to meet the small and diverse market demand.
In the past, the manufacturing concept was to pursue production automation and mass-produce the production version products in a Standard Operation Procedure (SOP). The concept of intelligent manufacturing is not the case. Due to changes in consumer shopping habits, manufacturing methods that can quickly customize production are gradually welcomed. This is a very important core concept in Industry 4.0. The future intelligent factory will not only refer to the improvement of industrial technology, but will integrate technology, sales and product experience, so that manufacturing, sales, logistics, after-sales service and other business concepts will be connected as a whole. Eventually it will build an intelligent world with perceptual consciousness, and the "customization of demand" will be one of the main goals pursued by intelligent manufacturing.
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In addition to customization of demand, intelligent manufacturing combined with big data can even analyze the market trend, weather forecast, raw material quantity and inventory, transportation process, defect improvement, etc. The massive data analysis enables manufacturers to precisely control the production quantities, schedule the existing resources as well as reduce the excess costs and waste to achieve production optimization. [1]
The advent of Industry 4.0 has led countries around the world to launch policies. As the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, the United Kingdom proposed the "High Value Manufacturing Strategy" as early as 2008 to encourage the local British companies to manufacture more world-class high value-added products. In 2013, it released the "British Industry 2050 Strategy" to create a guideline for the UK’s manufacturing industry before 2050. The core concept is to be highly customized and respond quickly to consumer demand.
The United States, which was also an industrial power, did not fall behind. Its federal government started the "Advanced Manufacturing Partnership (AMP)" in 2011. Moreover, the proposal is for dealing with the old and unsuitable manufacturing concepts. It also proposed AMP 2.0 in 2014, emphasizing specific implementation measures. Among them, the focus of advanced manufacturing is on the new business model brought by intelligent manufacturing to stimulate the US-based manufacturers to reshore production back to the America. The same concept is also spreading in France. After Germany officially released the Industry 4.0 Plan, French government unveiled the "New Industrial France" program too, which has a similar purpose to the U.S.
In addition to the above-mentioned well-known industrial powers, other powers also proposed the related plans. For example, Japan initiated a series of strategic measures such as Industry Revitalization Plan, Japan Industry 4.1J, and Social 5.0. China, as a major manufacturing power in the 21st century, launched a 10-year plan in 2015, called Made in China 2025. India, one of the BRIC countries, has also kept up with the trend of Industry 4.0, proposing a "Make in India Initiative" to reorganize India's business environment and manufacturing industry.[2]
Countries around the world have begun to study the model of future manufacturing for Industry 4.0, Asia also developed the "Executive Yuan Office Productivity 4.0 Development Plan" in 2015 and began to implement it in the fourth quarter of the same year. This is an eight-year plan that is expected to come to an end by 2024. Productivity 4.0 has noticed the trend of intelligent manufacturing as well. In order to integrate into the future Industry 4.0 production model, the plan combines intelligent machinery, big data analysis and the IoT on the technical side, and adds intelligent logistics, cross-domain integration and industrial structure optimization on the industrial side. Meanwhile, investing in talent training for 4.0 enables Asia to have a sufficient talent pool in the field of intelligent manufacturing. The above various domestic and foreign policies are to explore the intelligent manufacturing structure.[3]
Security problems that are accompanied by intelligent manufacturing
During the process of research and establishment, the complexity of the system architecture is bound to gradually increase, and the information security risk also comes along. A field that combines multiple technologies (e.g. IoT, big data, cloud computing and AI) will expand a lot of data flow spaces. The main implementation method of intelligent manufacturing is to use the IoT as the architectural basis and apply it to the manufacturing industry to form an "Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)" system. After the deployment, the distribution rate of security vulnerabilities would naturally start to rise. The potential threats are more likely to affect IIoT system through breaches. Even if only a small part is damaged, it will affect the operation of the overall system. If any part is invaded by a hacker, the entire production system might be paralyzed, causing huge financial losses and damage to corporate reputation.
At present, the ISA/IEC 62443 series of standards issued by the International Society of Automation (ISA) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) are the international standards and specifications related to intelligent manufacturing, which formulated the specifications and guidelines for the policy and process, industrial security and component development of the Industrial Automation Control System (IACS). The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) also issued NIST.SP.800-82, which revealed the security guidelines for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA), Distributed Control System (DCS), Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and other industrial control systems. In addition to this instruction manual, other specifications such as NIST.IR.8200 and NIST.IR.8228 have been released. The European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) published many relevant guidelines and standards for the IoT and cybersecurity too.
The Industrial Development Bureau (IDB) of Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) drew up the security requirements for intelligent machinery after referring to various international norms, and planned to further develop an assessment method for security maturity. The security issues that are accompanied by intelligent manufacturing have received some attention, but the results of setting too many standards may cause difficulties in the establishment of intelligent manufacturing. Moreover, the inconsistency of the standards of various countries and agencies may cause other security risks in the future. This is bound to be an important factor that must be considered in building intelligent manufacturing.
IIoT faces security issues and challenges
IIoT mainly focuses on technologies such as Machine to Machine (M2M), CPS, big data and machine learning. It also starts the beginning of the integration of Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT). However, IT and OT itself already have hundreds of different protocols and standards, coupled with the complex characteristics of the IoT itself. These would lead to the problem about the allocation of responsibilities of network security. Moreover, a large number of stakeholders are involved in the usage life cycle. For example, there may be dozens of component suppliers, their components are applicable to different specifications or standards, and the equipments deployed in different geographic locations may be subject to different legal constraints. For this reason, the IIoT is difficult to unify in standard specifications, resulting in the problem of "technological fragmentation". How to integrate or collaborate with these standards will be the first challenge.[4]
In addition, the IIoT is a novel technology, which is still in the research and development and testing stages. For the technical engineers who have been working in the OT field for decades, how to establish adequate security awareness related to the IIoT, while providing appropriate education and training will be another subject worth studying.
The problem of inadequate security awareness of individuals also involves in the corporate system. There are still many enterprises that do not pay enough attention to the issue of information security. The risks that come with the establishment of tomorrow's intelligent manufacturing will be different from the past. However, insufficient awareness of information security at the top management level would be a major challenge to the IIoT in the future. Because the information security protection requires considerable investment, and it is difficult to perceive or even quantify its benefit value. Hence, it is easy for management to overlook the information security and they do not juxtapose the importance of security with the establishment of business value. This drawback is an old problem, rather than because of the development of Industry 4.0.
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The above problems are the difficulties faced in the establishment phase. If appropriate measures are not taken against these issues during the establishment process, the system may be subject to huge security risks in the future. Even if the above difficulties are eliminated in advance through building a mature IIoT, it does not mean that the risks will disappear. Under the continuous transmission and operation of a large number of data streams, once the data leaks or is maliciously tampered with, it will cause a bad chain reaction to the IIoT system. Besides, intelligent manufacturing makes a closer connection between the virtual and physical worlds. If a security incident occurs in the IoT system, its damage to the physical world would be quite significant as well.
The increasingly complex intelligent manufacturing environment coupled with the interconnectivity of IoT systems would help broaden the scope of attack. There are not only non-man-made risks, but also man-made threats that require special attention. Hacker invasion is a typical example. Insecure connection ports, components that have not been updated for a long time, incomplete update mechanisms, etc. are all possible breaches that hackers may exploit. Yet the acceptance of updates is quite low in the traditional industrial fields, because the downtime caused by an update will make the company loss. Therefore, the security update would be an important issue for IIoT.
Additionally, many network attacks such as Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS), message tampering, eavesdropping and implanting are hacking methodologies that hackers may use against network communication channels. These attacks will cause serious damage to assets or data leakage, if the security protection of network communication is neglected.
During the transformation, some old equipments and traditional industrial systems are also security vulnerabilities that need attention. Building a new system based on the legacy system may lead to outdated protection measures still being used, and unknown vulnerabilities that have not been discovered for many years in the old system. This allows attackers to find a new way to compromise the system.[5]
Finally, lack of secure development concept in application development and design enables software vulnerabilities to open the door for hackers to invade the system. Lack of security elements in hardware equipment design also opens up an invasion breach for attackers. The above examples show that the IIoT could suffer a wide range of attacks. No matter what end point of the IIoT is destroyed, it may paralyze the entire system, and the resulting damage or even casualties would be difficult to estimate.[6]
Information security solution for IIoT
In view of the various security problems that intelligent manufacturing will face in the future, Onward Security has in-depth ability to solve information security problems. It is the first team with penetration testing and security research capabilities, in the fields of industrial control systems, networked equipment and IoT. The company has won many international awards, including six gold and one silver awards in the 2020 Cybersecurity Excellence Awards, and the Gold Award for the Best Cybersecurity Company in Asia. The security products developed by it have also received multi-national patents and international recognition.
Onward Security is ISO 17025 accredited laboratory to offer seven testing items for information security, and is Asia's first CTIA Authorized Test Lab for cybersecurity, while being the security testing laboratory designated by Amazon Alexa. Its professional testing technology can serve various applications such as IoT devices, intelligent grids, Internet of Vehicles, embedded systems, mobile App, ICS and SCADA devices. So far, the laboratory has found more than 40 world's first published Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE).
For the security vulnerabilities that may occur in hardware devices of IIoT, the solutions provided by Onward Security include:

• Software and hardware security testing services for industrial control products or systems, as well as providing software security development consulting services for manufacturers, enabling them to have software security development capabilities to meet the security requirements of the industry and customers for hardware and software; the applicable connected products such as Netcom products, mobile devices, security control, smart appliances, smart cars, IoT, etc.
• Self-developed cybersecurity products, including product security management system - HERCULES SecFlow and automatic vulnerability assessment tool - HERCULES SecDevice, providing the compliance tools for the design, development, testing and deployment of networked products, meeting the security requirements of IEC 62443, OWASP TOP 10 and CWE/SANS TOP 25, and applicable to PLC, ICS, SCADA and other intelligent manufacturing related industrial control components.
• One-stop security solution for IEC 62443 and ISO 27001 consulting services; Onward Security has a complete compliance-related service, helping manufacturers quickly obtain certificates of international standards to increase customer trust and corporate business reputation. In addition, providing professional security education and training helps technical engineers build security awareness related to the IIoT to cope with the future establishment of intelligent manufacturing and the coming IIoT era.

2020 will be the stage of full deployment of IoT technology. With the rapid development of technology, people's lives have become more and more convenient. Due to the benefits brought by technology, enterprises have worked hard to catch up with information technology in all major fields of the world in the past few decades, but ignore the security requirements necessary for long-term stable operation. The repeated major security incidents have proven that just installing protective software is unable to keep your organization secure and guarantee the security of production system operation.
In the future, the implementation architecture of intelligent manufacturing would be more complicated than most current production structures. However, it is a two-edged sword. If enterprises blindly pursue the profits and benefits brought by innovative technology but ignore the huge risks hidden behind, the security threat would eventually come again and again and become an untimed bomb. Once triggered, the damage is bound to be higher than before, and the benefits of intelligent manufacturing would go up in smoke.
Faced with the above, enterprises should make complete security management measures and programs, empower employees with adequate security awareness, and take security elements into consideration when developing software and hardware. If all these could be done before the hazard occurs, intelligent manufacturing will be a beautiful blueprint and a future worth working for.
Reference [1] http://topic.cw.com.tw/2016industry4.0/article.html. [2] https://scitechvista.nat.gov.tw/c/skZM.htm. [3] http://class.nchu.edu.tw/bulletin/MOE/105\_MoE\_re\_allr.pdf. [4] ENISA，“Industry 4.0 - Cybersecurity Challenges and Recommendations”，2019.05。 [5] ENISA，“Good Practices for Security of Internets of Things”，2018.11。 [6] https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/internet-of-things/the-iot-attack-surface-threats-and-security-solutions.

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In 1981, Messung was born, and by 1983, had launched India's first indigenous PLC - Meprolog-H. From that pioneering start, Messung grew to become a market leader in industrial automation, continuously adding to their ever-expanding portfolio of factory automation & control solutions in India.
Today, decades down the line, Messung is a diversified conglomerate with expertise that spans industries and applications.
Portfolio that empowers
Messung offers a diverse portfolio of best-in-class products, solutions, and services enabling a wide range of industrial verticals to optimize operations and maximize productivity. The Group’s know-how and offerings keep growing, keeping pace with global trends, market dynamics and new technologies.
Messung in Industrial Automation & Control
Messung offer essential components, intelligent devices and advanced industrial automation & control solutions in India, capable of controlling, in a distributed and redundant way, complex industrial processes, machines and high-performance production lines. Smart factory automation & control solutions in India facilitate well-informed decision-making and efficient controls. Their solutions cover:
Process Automation: Messung partners to customise high-end process automation & control solutions in India that meet the highest technical demands for speed, quality, operational reliability, system availability and more.
Servo & Motion Control Automation: They deliver fully integrated, future-proof solutions incorporating Messung’s own Nx-ERA programmable logic controllers; motion control systems and drive products from Sigmatek, Austria and Fuji Electric, Japan; HMIs and much more – to bring flexibility, consistency and long-term availability for factory automation.
General Purpose Automation: Messung custom designs General Purpose Automation solutions for varied equipment in diverse application areas. With real-timed diagnostics and maximised control, they optimise safety, speed, productivity and efficiencies – for the competitive edge.
Messung in Building & Infrastructure Automation & Control
For all types of buildings, from hospitals to shopping malls, IT and industrial establishments, corporate buildings, and power stations - Messung’s solutions optimise energy efficiency and comfort, all the while reducing operating costs.
Messung’s expertise in this business covers three broad categories:
IBMS: With products from Distech Controls, Canada, Messung’s IOT-enabled BMS solution provides control and supervision of HVAC, Security, CCTV, Intrusion Alarm and Fire systems, including diesel genset, water pumping systems, and other third-party systems, which are now mandatory in all modern buildings.
IOT: The Internet of Things (IOT) allows exchange of information and data, and enables 24x7 monitoring and remote control of equipment, systems, buildings and plants. Customised dashboards provide data on different criteria while advanced analytics help to improve efficiency, response, operation, preventive maintenance, etc.
EMS: Messung offers integrated energy management systems designed to store energy parameters, analyse consumptions, identify areas of wastage, reduce energy consumption, predict electrical system performance and optimise energy usage to reduce cost in a premise.
Messung in Home, Office & Hotel Automation & Control
Messung works closely with customers to offer a wide range of industry-best automation products and customised solutions that dramatically transform interiors into luxurious spaces, enhancing comfort and safety while reducing energy consumption.
Home Automation: Messung, with Zennio, Spain, provides KNX-based solutions for apartments, villas and bungalows, that enable you to control all your home appliances, lights, fans, TVs, ACs, curtains & blinds, video door phones, CCTV cameras, media devices, garden sprinklers, etc.
Office Automation: With Crestron, USA, Messung helps in automating existing office procedures, and providing control over an increasingly complex network of devices, for greater convenience, comfort and efficiency.
Hotel Automation: Guests can control multiple functions including lighting, air conditioning, drapes and audio/video systems using smart, automated bedside consoles and interfaces. Integration of guest rooms with the hotel's property management system enable better monitoring and control.
Messung in Electrical Engineering
Efficient and safe distribution including energy management and power quality monitoring is critical for providing industries and buildings with power. Messung provides reliable, intelligent and world-class solutions for Power Monitoring and Distribution in three broad segments:
Distribution & Control: Messung provides smart power distribution control panels with Wohner’s ‘s special Busbar systems as per IEC 61439 standards. Messung offers total low voltage power distribution control systems that are Industry 4.0-compatible, Cloud-based solutions to provide “Any time Anywhere” supervisory & control features.
Control Panels: Messung provides “Control Panel Solutions” to a wide arena of applications like water and waste water treatment plants, sugar machinery, plastic extrusion, printing, pharmaceutical, automotive assembly and testing lines, electro plating, boilers, material handling, furnaces, mechanical and hydraulic press and other similar applications in different industry verticals.
Energy Management: By implementing proper Energy Management systems, Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis including Residual Current Monitoring, users can greatly benefit from enhanced up-time of machines, reduced tariff and penalties, and improved profits.
Messung offers modern Janitza products which allow customers to implement a comprehensive installation of Class A power quality energy meters, varieties of energy measuring devices with Ethernet IP, Modbus, Profibus, Profinet, M-Bus protocol interfaces as per IEC 61000-2-4.
Messung in Workplace Technology
Messung’s experience of the health hazards, safety risks and challenges of the industrial workplace has inspired them to find and deliver meaningful solutions – some indigenously made and some from international majors.
Test & Measuring: Messung provides complete setups for R&D labs, calibration centres, training and didactic centres, electronic assembly & testing, spread across the Indian electronic industry. Ergonomic industrial furniture with ESD protection, and intelligent test & measurement solutions are designed to improve efficiency while offering user comfort.
Electronic Assembly: Messung, under its 'Navonmesh - Make in India' initiative, offers a range of modular, world-class electronic assembly tables in India, besides trolleys and racks for use in electronic assembly, product assembly, repair, rework and end of line testing in a gamut of industries.
Workplace Ergonomics: Messung’s indigenous AFM-PLUS range of rugged and reliable ESD-safe electronic assembly chairs in India are proven in tough industrial applications. With world-class looks and specifications, these ergonomic ESD chairs enhance user comfort, safety and health to benefit your people.
Conclusion
From designing and manufacturing their own range of products and bringing the world’s finest products from leading international majors, to building integrated solutions – Messung delivers technological excellence with customised service through the entire life cycle.

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